WhakamĀrama Āpitihanga
E toru ngā tukanga matua e puta ai he papanga:
- Ko te papanga whatuwhatu. He tāwariwari ake i te papanga raranga, he pai mō ngā momo kākahu pērā i te tōkena, i te poraka me te pōtae. E pēnei ana te herehere haere o te aho, ko ia rārangi e honohono ana ki te rārangi kei raro iho:
- Ko te papanga raranga. Ka mātua hangaia tēnei momo ki runga anga raranga. Ka puritia ngā whenu ki runga i te anga, ā, ka kōtuituia haeretia ngā aho ki runga, ki raro i ngā whenu. Ka noho whakahāngai ngā aho me ngā whenu:
- Ko te papanga rangakore. He tukanga tūhonohono aho roa mā te whakawera, mā te tāmeha, mā tētahi atu tukanga matū rānei. Ka taea tēnei momo te waihanga kia pai ai te miti i te wai, i te werawera rānei, kia tāwariwari ake, kia pakari ake, kia pītongatonga ake, kia newanewa ake, me te maha noa atu o ngā āhuatanga tērā ka hiahiatia e te tangata. He maha ngā whakamahinga o te papanga rangakore, pērā i te papanga ārai hau i te ahumāra, i te kope porowhiu, i te whāriki, i te whakapuru, me te maha noa atu. Hei tauira o te papanga rangakore:
He maha ngā momo papanga, ko ētahi ka whatuwhatua, ka rangā rānei ki ngā weu tipu pērā i te kātene me te harakeke, ko ētahi ka whatuwhatua, ka rangā rānei ki ngā weu horihori, pērā i te ngaiaku. Koia nei ngā whakamārama mō ētahi papanga:
Te kānawehi: He kaitara, he āhua mārō tēnei papanga, whatua ai ki te miro kātene, ki te kōaka, ki te hutu rānei. Mātua whakamahia ai hei papa peita, hei tui kākahu, hei hanga tēneti hoki. Hei tauira:
Te kariko: Whatua ai te kariko ki te miro kātene. He mā, he āhua kōkau noa, kāore he whakapaipai.
Te ngaiaku: He kaka horihori, ina whatuwhatua, ka puta he papanga rauangi, he māheniheni. Hei tauira:
Te papahune: Whatua ai ki te kaka maene ka puta i te tipu kātene e whakatupuria ana ki ngā whenua o tāwāhi pērā i Amerika. E tino whakamahia ana te papahune hei tui kākahu.
Te kirihunga: He kiri kararehe, kua wakua tētahi taha kia perehunga ai.
Te papahunga: Hangaia ai ki te pareaku, he perehunga tētahi taha ōna. E mātua whakamahia ana hei tui kākahu. Hei tauira:
Te papamaene: Whatua ai te papamaene ki te kaka rauangi ka puta i te noke hiraka. He maene, he mōhinuhinu, he kaha tēnei papanga.
Te papamōhinu: He maene, he mōhinuhinu tēnei papanga. He āhua rite ki te papamaene engari he papanga horihori, kāore i takea mai i te kaka māori.
Te papamōnehu: Whatua ai tēnei papanga ki te kātene, ki te papamaene, ki te ngaiaku rānei. Ka whatuwhatua kia tino pipiri ngā kaka, ā, he mōnehunehu tētahi taha.
Te papamuka: Whatua ai tēnei papanga ki te muka o te harakeke. He kaha ake i te papahune, he maene anō hoki.
Te paparai: Whatua ai ki te miro kātene, he āhua mātotoru tēnei papanga, e whai ripa ana. Hei tauira: 
Te raikara: He momo papanga kūtoro. He angiangi, he kūtorotoro, ka mātua whakamahia hei tuitui kahu hākinakina.
Te tāngari: He āhua mārō tēnei papanga, whatuwhatua ai ki te kātene.
Te tapeha: He momo kirihou tēnei papanga horihori. He kaha, ā, mātua whakamahia ai hei uhi nōhanga.
Te tāpora: He pūtiotio, he kaitara tēnei papanga, whatuwhatua ai ki te kōaka, ki te hutu rānei.
Ka whakaputua ngā momo papanga hei pōkai. E 37m, e 91m rānei te roa o te papanga kei ia pōkai. Hei tauira o te pōkai papanga:
E kitea mai ana te tapa kuti me te tapa ita o tēnei papanga. Ka tāwekoweko te tapa kuti, kāore te tapa ita.
E rua ngā taha o te papanga, ko mua me muri. E tino kitea ana te tauira o te papanga me ōna tae i te taha mua. He āhua waimeha a muri:
He kakano tō te papanga whatuwhatu me te papanga raranga. Koirā te ahu o ngā aho me ngā whenu o te papanga. He mea nui kia tapahia te papanga kia hāngai tonu ki tōna kakano, ki te hōtiu rānei o te kakano, mā reira e tau pai ai te kākahu ki te tinana. Ki te kore, ka āhua parori te noho o te kākahu ki te tinana.