WhakamĀrama Āpitihanga
Koia nei ētahi nuka reo, ētahi āhuatanga reo rānei ka whakamahia e te kaikōrero, e te kaituhi rānei hei whakaniko, hei whakamāmā, hei whakarekareka i ana kōrero:
Ko te huarite. He kupu ēnei he ōrite te tangi o te kūoro whakamutunga. Hei tauira: He tere te rere a Mere ki te here i te pere o te wheketere i Tōrere.
Ko te ororite. E tino hono ana te tangi o te kupu me tōna tikanga. Hei tauira, ko te 'ruru' te ingoa o te manu, koia hoki te tangi o tōna reo.
Ko te kīanga. He whakapuakanga poto e mōhio whānuitia ana. He kupu whānui te kīanga, he maha ngā momo, kei raro nei ētahi.
Ko te kīpeha. He kupu, he kīanga kōrero rānei, he rerekē tōna tikanga i te tikanga noa o ngā kupu. Hei tauira, ko te 'ahikā' mō te noho tonu o tētahi iwi ki ōna whenua tuku iho.
Ko te kīpeha tauaro. He momo kīanga e whai kupu tauaro ana. Hei tauira: 'He kino te pai'. 'He ahi mātao'.
Ko te kupu angarua. He whakapuakanga kōrero e āhua rite ana ki tētahi atu, engari ka whakarerekēngia te whakahua, tētahi wāhanga rānei ōna kia hāngai tonu ki kaupapa kē. Hei tauira, ko Tihei Pāngarau hei ingoa mō tētahi kohinga pukapuka pāngarau. He rāwekeweke i te kīanga Tihei Mauriora e mōhio whānuitia ana.
Ko te reo peha. He momo reo, kei tua kē te aronga i ngā kupu noa iho. Ka taka mai ko te kupu whakarite, ko te whakataukī i tēnei karangatanga. Ko tā te reo peha he whakairo whakaahua ki te hinengaro.
Ko te kīrehu. He rerenga kupu, he kupu kotahi rānei, tē kitea tōna tikanga i te tikanga noa iho o ngā kupu. Ahakoa tērā, e mārama ana ki te hapori nāna te kīrehu. Hei tauira, ko te 'kino kē' hei whakamihi i te pai o tētahi mea.
Ko te kīwaha. He rerenga kōrero ōpaki o ia rā, he tikanga kē atu tōna i te tikanga noa iho o ngā kupu. Hei tauira, ko te 'pakaru ana te hamuti' hei whakaatu i te tino mataku o te tangata.
Ko te kupu whakarite, te huahuatau rānei. He kīanga whakatairite i ētahi mea rerekē e rua. Hei tauira, ko te kīanga 'He korokoro tūī' hei whakamihi i te tangata rōreka ki te waiata. Ka whakatairitea tōna reo ki te reo wainene o te tūī. I ētahi, ka whakamahia he kupu whakatairite ('pērā i te ...'; 'rite ki ...'; me te 'ānō nei he ...'). Hei tauira:
- Ānō nei ko te uira e whākanakana mai ana.
- Ko te whetū tīramarama tōna rite.
Me he roa te kōrero huahuatau, ka kīia he huahuatau tōroa. Arā, ka haere tonu te huahuatau i te roanga atu o tētahi kōwae, i ngā rārangi maha rānei o tētahi mōteatea, o tētahi kōrero ā-waha rānei.
Ko te orokati tārua. Ka tāruaruatia te orokati tuatahi o te kupu. Hei tauira, ko tēnei rārangi o te waiata a Hirini Melbourne: 'Ruru ruru rererere ruru ruru e ...'
Ko te oropuare tārua. Ka tāruaruatia tētahi oropuare, ētahi oropuare rānei i roto i te rerenga kōrero. Hei tauira, ko te 'oe' i ēnei rārangi o te waiata a Hirini Melbourne: 'Tēnā koe, kaua e moe, whakarongo ki te tangi a te koekoeā ...'
Ko te kupu huri hāngai. He kīpeha whakawhere, inā he tārua i te kupu, heoi, he mea huri kōaro. Hei tauira, ko te pepeha e kī ana, 'Ko au ko te awa, ko te awa ko au', me te kīanga wā e mea ana, 'i te ao i te pō, i te pō i te ao'.
Ko te kupu rārahu. He rerenga kupu e auau nei te rangona, hoki atu, hoki atu, ko aua kupu anō rā. E tohu ana pea i te kore o te āta whakaaro, o te āta waihanga a te kaikōrero i āna kupu. Hei tauira, ko te tīmatanga whaikōrero 'E ngā mana, e ngā reo, ...', me te whakahau 'Kia mau ki ngā tikanga'.
Ko te kupu whakapehapeha. He kīpeha, he whakanui, he whakamōmona i tētahi kaupapa kōrero. Hei tauira: 'Kāore i ārikarika te manomano tāngata i tae atu ki te pō whakangahau.'
Ko te reo more. Ko te momo reo e tino hāngai pū ana ki te kaupapa, karekau he aronga kē, karekau he whakanikonikotanga pērā i te reo peha. Ko te reo more te mea e tika ana mō te pūrongo, ko te reo peha mō te toikupu.